Open innovation

Open Innovation is a worldview that expect that organizations can and should utilize outer thoughts just as inward thoughts, and interior and outside ways to advertise, as they hope to propel their innovation. Open Innovation forms join inside and outside thoughts into structures and frameworks. Open Innovation rocesses use plans of action to characterize the necessities for these structures and frameworks. The plan of action uses both outer and inside plans to make esteem, while characterizing inner instruments to guarantee some bit of that value.Open Innovation expect that inward thoughts can likewise be taken to advertise through outside channels, outside the present organizations of the firm, to create extra worth. The open advancement worldview regards innovative work as an open framework. Open Innovation proposes that significant thoughts can emerge out of inside or outside the ompany and can go to advertise from inside or outside the organization also. This methodology places outside thoughts and outer ways to showcase on a similar degree of significance as that held for inward thoughts and ways to advertise in the prior era.Open Innovation is here and there conflated with open source systems for programming advancement. There are a few ideas that are shared between the two, for example, the thought ot more prominent outer sources ot intormation to make esteem. Be that as it may, open development unequivocally joins the plan of action as the wellspring of both worth creation and worth catch. This 2 last job of the plan of action empowers the association to support its situation in the business esteem chain after some time. While open source shares the emphasis on esteem creation all through an industry esteem chain, its advocates typically deny or make light of the significance of significant worth capture.Chapter 5 in this volume will think about these focuses at more prominent length. At its root, open development accept that helpful information is gen erally dispersed, and that even the most able R&D associations must recognize, interface with, and influence outside information sources as a center procedure in advancement. Thoughts that once sprouted distinctly in enormous organizations currently might be developing in an assortment of settings †from the individual creator or cutting edge fire up in Silicon Valley, to the exploration offices of scholastic foundations, to side projects from huge, built up firms.These conditions may not be available in each business condition, and researchers must be aware of the institutional underpinnings that may advance or hinder the appropriation of open advancement . The Open Innovation Paradigm The book Open Innovation (Chesbrough, 2003a) depicts an advancement outlook change from a shut to an open model. In light of close perception of few organizations, the book reports various practices related with this new worldview. That book was composed for supervisors of mechanical advancem ent forms, and the work has gotten huge consideration among managers.To the degree that such administrators can evaluate the utility of new methodologies, Open Innovation has accomplished a specific level of face legitimacy inside at any rate a little part of high innovation ventures. Open Innovation has taken on more noteworthy saliency considering the discussion about globalization and the potential for the R&D work itself to become utsourced, as the assembling capacity was 20 years sooner. l 3 Figure 1. 1 shows a portrayal of the development procedure under the past Closed model of innovation.Here, look into ventures are propelled from the science and innovation base of the firm. They progress through the procedure, and a portion of the undertakings are halted, while others are chosen for additional work. A subset of these are picked to experience to the market. This procedure is named a â€Å"closed† procedure since ventures can just enter in one manner, toward the st art, and can just exit in one way, by going into the market. AT&T's Bell Laboratories remains as a model of this model, with numerous striking exploration accomplishments, yet a famously deep down centered culture.

6 Productivity Tips to Keep Your Meetings on Track - Focus

6 Productivity Tips to Keep Your Meetings on Track - Focus Were spending more time in meetings. Today’s executives devote an average of 23 hours a week to them, while in the 60s, meetings took up less than 10 hours for the average executive. But the fact that we’re spending more time on meetings doesnt mean we’re getting more done in them. It’s a common trope among office workers that meetings are a waste of time. In one survey, 71 percent of senior managers described them as unproductive and inefficient. Meetings can be useful, but only if they stay on track. Keeping them productive is a challenge that requires discipline. These tips can help. 1. Dont Schedule Unnecessary â€" or Unnecessarily Long â€" Meetings The more critical a meeting is, the more likely it is to stay on track. That’s because these meetings have a specific goal attendees need to accomplish. Unnecessary meetings tend to be unfocused because they lack a specific goal. Avoid scheduling meetings for the sake of meeting up or “just in case.” If you can’t define a reason to have a meeting, skip it. This rule also applies to the length of meetings. Favor shorter sessions over longer ones because tasks tend to expand to fill the time allotted to them â€" a phenomenon called Parkinson’s Law. 2. Ensure the Meeting Has Value for Everyone Involved If you want to keep your meeting on track, invite the right people. Make sure everyone who needs to make the required decisions is there, but also be careful not to over-invite, which can slow meetings down. You need to have the right mix of people, too. Some sessions, for example, might not benefit from a blend of entry-level and senior employees. Whoever is leading the meeting might need to take steps to encourage everyone to contribute so attendees can both provide and get value out of the meeting. For example, Wins meetings give team members a platform to share small milestones theyve achieved that might otherwise have gone unnoticed. These kinds of meeting help everyone get on the same page while increasing team morale. 3. Plan Your Meeting Early The time you spend in preparation for your meeting is just as essential as how you manage the meeting itself. Create an agenda for your meeting and share it with every participant. Start working on the plan and send it to people early, so they can prepare as well. Before you go into the meeting, you should know what your goals are, what format your meeting will take, who will participate and the type of discussion you’ll have. Some meetings include a presentation, followed by time for questions, while others require more participation. Meeting planning tools such as MindMeister can help you prepare as well. You can use MindMeister to create meeting agendas and presentations, take minutes, assign tasks and more. Plan Manage Meetings Efficiently Try MindMeister FREE Try MindMeister 4. Share the Responsibility of Keeping the Meeting Focused When you share the job of keeping the meeting on track, its harder to miss it when things start going off the rails. Try giving employees a constructive way to point out when someone gets off-topic, repeats something thats already come up or does something else that could cause people to lose focus. Security management software provider Brivo, for example, gives each employee a No Rehash” pingpong paddle they can raise if someone brings up a subject that has already been addressed. 5. For Long Meetings, Schedule Breaks People dread long meetings, and if there’s no end in sight, people may start zoning out or getting distracted. Building break times into exceptionally long meetings and letting everyone know about them ahead of time can help prevent people from getting angsty. If people know theres a break ahead, they may be more likely to resist the urge to check their email. Even just a few minutes of free time can help. This article from the Muse recommends scheduling breaks into any meetings that are more than an hour long. 6. Start, Transition and End Well The structure of the meeting is essential as well. Having a clear beginning, middle and end will help people stay focused because they’ll have a better idea of what they should be doing at any given time. To nail the beginning of your meeting, avoid starting while people are distracted. Let them settle in. Then, make sure everyone is on the same page about the purpose of the meeting before you begin. The meeting should also have distinct sections, and it should be clear when you’re transitioning to a new topic. Finally, end the meeting with a summary of what you accomplished and assign tasks as needed. After the meeting, send an email to recap this information. Meetings dont have to be a waste of time. For better meetings, make staying on task a top priority. If you plan appropriately, get everyone on the same page and follow the other tips in this article, you’ll be well on your way to wasting less time and getting more done. Plan Manage Meetings Efficiently Try MindMeister FREE Try MindMeister 6 Productivity Tips to Keep Your Meetings on Track - Focus Were spending more time in meetings. Today’s executives devote an average of 23 hours a week to them, while in the 60s, meetings took up less than 10 hours for the average executive. But the fact that we’re spending more time on meetings doesnt mean we’re getting more done in them. It’s a common trope among office workers that meetings are a waste of time. In one survey, 71 percent of senior managers described them as unproductive and inefficient. Meetings can be useful, but only if they stay on track. Keeping them productive is a challenge that requires discipline. These tips can help. 1. Dont Schedule Unnecessary â€" or Unnecessarily Long â€" Meetings The more critical a meeting is, the more likely it is to stay on track. That’s because these meetings have a specific goal attendees need to accomplish. Unnecessary meetings tend to be unfocused because they lack a specific goal. Avoid scheduling meetings for the sake of meeting up or “just in case.” If you can’t define a reason to have a meeting, skip it. This rule also applies to the length of meetings. Favor shorter sessions over longer ones because tasks tend to expand to fill the time allotted to them â€" a phenomenon called Parkinson’s Law. 2. Ensure the Meeting Has Value for Everyone Involved If you want to keep your meeting on track, invite the right people. Make sure everyone who needs to make the required decisions is there, but also be careful not to over-invite, which can slow meetings down. You need to have the right mix of people, too. Some sessions, for example, might not benefit from a blend of entry-level and senior employees. Whoever is leading the meeting might need to take steps to encourage everyone to contribute so attendees can both provide and get value out of the meeting. For example, Wins meetings give team members a platform to share small milestones theyve achieved that might otherwise have gone unnoticed. These kinds of meeting help everyone get on the same page while increasing team morale. 3. Plan Your Meeting Early The time you spend in preparation for your meeting is just as essential as how you manage the meeting itself. Create an agenda for your meeting and share it with every participant. Start working on the plan and send it to people early, so they can prepare as well. Before you go into the meeting, you should know what your goals are, what format your meeting will take, who will participate and the type of discussion you’ll have. Some meetings include a presentation, followed by time for questions, while others require more participation. Meeting planning tools such as MindMeister can help you prepare as well. You can use MindMeister to create meeting agendas and presentations, take minutes, assign tasks and more. Plan Manage Meetings Efficiently Try MindMeister FREE Try MindMeister 4. Share the Responsibility of Keeping the Meeting Focused When you share the job of keeping the meeting on track, its harder to miss it when things start going off the rails. Try giving employees a constructive way to point out when someone gets off-topic, repeats something thats already come up or does something else that could cause people to lose focus. Security management software provider Brivo, for example, gives each employee a No Rehash” pingpong paddle they can raise if someone brings up a subject that has already been addressed. 5. For Long Meetings, Schedule Breaks People dread long meetings, and if there’s no end in sight, people may start zoning out or getting distracted. Building break times into exceptionally long meetings and letting everyone know about them ahead of time can help prevent people from getting angsty. If people know theres a break ahead, they may be more likely to resist the urge to check their email. Even just a few minutes of free time can help. This article from the Muse recommends scheduling breaks into any meetings that are more than an hour long. 6. Start, Transition and End Well The structure of the meeting is essential as well. Having a clear beginning, middle and end will help people stay focused because they’ll have a better idea of what they should be doing at any given time. To nail the beginning of your meeting, avoid starting while people are distracted. Let them settle in. Then, make sure everyone is on the same page about the purpose of the meeting before you begin. The meeting should also have distinct sections, and it should be clear when you’re transitioning to a new topic. Finally, end the meeting with a summary of what you accomplished and assign tasks as needed. After the meeting, send an email to recap this information. Meetings dont have to be a waste of time. For better meetings, make staying on task a top priority. If you plan appropriately, get everyone on the same page and follow the other tips in this article, you’ll be well on your way to wasting less time and getting more done. Plan Manage Meetings Efficiently Try MindMeister FREE Try MindMeister

The Roman Republic and Its Government

The Roman Republic began in  509 B.C. when the Romans expelled the Etruscan kings and set up their own government. Having witnessed the problems of the monarchy on their own land, and aristocracy and democracy among the Greeks, they opted for a mixed form of government, with three branches. This innovation became known as a republican system. The strength of the republic is the system of checks and balances, which aims to find a consensus between the desires of the various branches of government. The Roman Constitution outlined these checks and balances, but in an informal way. Most of the constitution was unwritten and laws were upheld by precedent. The Republic lasted 450 years until the territorial gains of the Roman civilization stretched its governance to the limit. A series of strong rulers called Emperors emerged with Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., and their reorganization of the Roman form of government ushered in the Imperial period. Branches of Roman Republican Government Consuls: Two consuls with supreme civil and military authority held the highest office in Republican Rome. Their power, which was shared equally and which lasted only one year, was reminiscent of the monarchial power of the king. Each consul could veto the other, they led the army, served as judges, and had religious duties. At first, the consuls were patricians, from famous families. Later laws encouraged plebeians to campaign for the consulship; eventually one of the consuls had to be a plebeian. After a term as consul, a Roman man joined the Senate for life. After 10 years, he could campaign for consulship again. The Senate: While the consuls had executive authority, it was expected that they would follow the advice of Rome’s elders. The Senate (senatus council of elders) predated the Republic, having been founded in the Eighth Century B.C. It was an advisory branch, initially composed of about 300 patricians who served for life. The ranks of the Senate were drawn from ex-consuls and other officers, who also had to be landowners. Plebeians were eventually admitted to the Senate as well. The primary focus of the Senate was Rome’s foreign policy, but they had great jurisdiction in civil affairs as well, as the Senate controlled the treasury. The Assemblies: The most democratic branch of the Roman Republican form of government were the assemblies. These large bodies — there were four of them — made some voting power available to many Roman citizens (but not all, as those who lived in the outreaches of the provinces still lacked meaningful representation). The Assembly of Centuries (comitia centuriata), was composed of all members of the army, and it elected consuls annually. The Assembly of Tribes (comitia tributa), which contained all citizens, approved or rejected laws and decided issues of war and peace.The Comitia Curiata was composed of 30 local groups, and was elected by the Centuriata, and served mostly a symbolic purpose for Rome’s founding families. The Concilium Plebis represented the plebeians.

Introducing Need Help to Writing a Research Paper

Introducing Need Help to Writing a Research Paper The One Thing to Do for Need Help to Writing a Research Paper There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Our writers have a fantastic history in providing the requested essays in time. Also, there's a site Pledge Music that's a popular crowdfunding platform for modern musicians. Want to communicate with different scientists about the information which you require a professional custom writing service. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. When you come to us to acquire online essay help, we make sure that you receive complete satisfaction with regard to the caliber of the essay, its cost and promptness in customer services. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. Make sure you include sources that are required by your instructor. Looking for a trustworthy essay writing service is an excruciating job, especially when you have to get cheap essays online of academic quality. When the writer is appointed, they begin working on your essay in line with the requirements you have specified in your purchase. Our talented writer s can deal with nearly every kind of writing assignment, along with Math and Physics troubles and much more. Research indeed is a time-consuming procedure, so it's in your best interests to select a topic that kindles your intellectual abilities as opposed to clouding it. It is a fundamental part of almost every profession. Research papers may become a nightmare if some of the fundamental steps aren't followed properly. Education research papers are a few points your research. As far as you're able to see, there's nothing hard in writing the research paper. As soon as you know what kind of research paper you ought to be writing, you will need to locate a topic. It is possible to also compose an abstract of your research paper in the start of your research paper. Writing a research paper is the most crucial portion of our research procedure. Until you're in a position to finish the above procedure, it is probable you have not yet thought critically enough about the paper. You also ought to know what sort of paper you ought to be writing. Now you are all set to compose the very best paper that will enhance your mark. For example, if your paper a part of your thesis or dissertation, then you need to have it professionally edited. Need Help to Writing a Research Paper Explained There's no limit to the methods by which you are able to collect data but you must continue to keep your sample size as small as it is possible to handle in your research. Think how to create your work distinctive and eye-catching. Scholars and arranged in order if you may get all the needed details. Read as much as possible about your subject. Review of Related Studies places our investigating to define current data and information concerning the preceding research papers. Make the last outline for your research paper that's more complex because each topic in it ought to be split into several subtopics. For instance, if you're doing a research paper on Kant, begin with the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy to find some background details. Writing a research paper can be hard. The important goal of introduction is to introduce to the reader the goal of your research. It is to only show readers data that is directly related to the key message of your manuscript. It is important to note you could alter your topic or focus dependent on the info you come along when conducting the research. Conducting research on various scientific, technical or societal facets or phenomena is a fundamental part of educational course of action. If you compose an article for a scientific journal, your readers will likely have a certain academic background, so there's absolutely no need to spell out the fundamentals. There is in fact no quick way out of writing. The second thing that you ought to do is choose a topic. Picking an excellent topic is a completely major discussion and should be well understood before you really begin searching for it.

Understanding Mixed Research Methods Free Essays

Understanding Mixed Research Methods our site Dissertation Topics What Are Mixed Research Methods? Simply put, mixed research is the combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodology, and is used in studies where there is a need for a better understanding of the problem. The main benefits of mixed methods research are as follows: Better understanding of the research problem More insight than simple quantitative methods Allows the validation of qualitative and quantitative methods Provides more information than single method research There are, however, some limitations and disadvantages of mixed method research design, as well, such as: The complexity of the research data makes it hard to interpret and analyse Takes a lot of time to plan and execute There is a greater chance that discrepancies will arise than in single method research The main differences between mono and multiple methods are presented in the below graph. The Purpose of Mixed Methods Research The main reason why most students and researchers use mixed methods is because one type of data would not be enough to provide answers to the research questions or test the hypothesis. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Mixed Research Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other cases, the secondary method is added to improve the quality of the data, or, the study might have multiple phases. Mixed methods are popular today, as many researchers are looking to investigate issues from different perspectives. If the findings of one research method are unexpected, a second method might be needed to interpret the discrepancies. The application of mixed methods is the most common in the following fields: Nursing and social care Educational research Sociology Psychology Political sciences How to Design a Mixed Resesarch Study? It is important to determine the sequence of data collection and clarify the analysis methods. First, the author will need to choose the mixed research design they would like to use in their study. There are four main mixed research design approaches used in health and social studies, education, marketing: Sequential explanatory design This method first collects and analyses quantitative data, and later validate and explain the results using qualitative research. The focus of this approach is on the quantitative research, and the qualitative study helps put the results into context. Sequential exploratory design In this approach, the first research conducted is qualitative, followed by a quantitative study that is integrated in the interpretation of the results. The focus of this study design is on quantitative data. You can use this research design to explore a phenomenon in detail or test a new theory. Concurrent triangulation In this method, qualitative and quantitative research have equal priority, and they are conducted separately. The results of the two individual data collections are discussed in the interpretation of the findings. This mixed method is most suitable for validating the results of one method with the other. Concurrent nested In this method, the author will need to choose a dominant data collection method, and nest the results of the other type of research in the interpretation phase of the study. The information is interpreted together, to provide a deeper understanding of a phenomenon. Before deciding which method to choose, it is important to plan where the point of interface between the two research methods will be: at the point of Data collection Data analysis Interpretation The Mixed Methods Research Design Mixed methods research is more complicated than either quantitative or qualitative. Therefore, you must plan your data collection, analysis, and interpretation phases carefully. Use the below flow chart to create your own design that is fit for the purpose of your study. First, develop your research questions for the qualitative and quantitative studies. Next, you will need to identify your samples and determine the sample size of both qualitative and quantitative data collection. Decide whether the sample sizes will be equal or unequal. Finally, make a plan for merging qualitative and quantitative data and interpreting them in a logical way. How to Make the Most Out of Your Mixed Research Design? You must ensure that you have a clear research strategy that describes your methodological approach and the interpretation of the results. You need to describe the different phases of research, such as exploration, triangulation, complimentarity, transformation of data, and the dissemination of the results. It is important that when you structure your mixed method research, you clarify this in the methodology section and cover the data collection and analysis methods separately for qualitative and quantitative research. Likewise, you will have to first present the findings of both research together, followed by the synthesis of findings and the results section. Develop your research questions and add sub-questions that further focus on the specific aspects of the issue you investigate using mixed methods. You need to focus on the Rationale section of your paper and effectively communicate why using the mixed research method provides a better understanding of the issue than single methodologies. Always justify your choice of data collection. Do not neglect theories and theses. Using a mixed methodology can help you test your hypotheses better, develop new theses, or confirm research statements or answer important questions related to the field. Just like other research designs, your study will need to include the limitations of the research, as well as the insights you gained through the study. 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JOHN F. KENNEDY IN VIETNAM Essays - Vietnam War,

JOHN F. KENNEDY IN VIETNAM There are many critical questions surrounding United States involvement in Vietnam. American entry to Vietnam was a series of many choices made by five successive presidents during these years of 1945-1975. The policies of John F. Kennedy during the years of 1961-1963 were ones of military action, diplomacy, and liberalism. Each of his decision was on its merits at the time the decision was made. The belief that Vietnam was a test of the Americas ability to defeat communists in Vietnam lay at the center of Kennedy's policy. Kennedy promised in his inaugural address, Let every nation know...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty. From the 1880s until World War II, France governed Vietnam as part of French Indochina, which also included Cambodia and Laos. The country was under the formal control of an emperor, Bao Dai. From 1946 until 1954, the Vietnamese struggled for their independence from France during the first Indochina War. At the end of this war, the country was temporarily divided into North and South Vietnam. North Vietnam came under the control of the Vietnamese Communists who had opposed France and aimed for a unified Vietnam under Communist rule. Vietnamese who had collaborated with the French controlled the South. For this reason the United States became involved in Vietnam because it believed that if all of the country fell under a Communist government, Communism would spread throughout Southeast Asia and further. This belief was known as the domino theory. The decision to enter Vietnam reflected America's idea of its global role-U.S. could not recoil from world leadership. The U.S. government supported the South Vietnamese government. The U.S. government wanted to establish the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which extended protection to South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in case of Communist subversion. SEATO, which came into force in 1955, became the way which Washington justified its support for South Vietnam; this support eventually became direct involvement of U.S. troops. In 1955, the United States picked Ngo Dinh Diem to replace Bao Dai as head of the anti-Communist regime in South Vietnam. Eisenhower chose to support Ngo Dinh Diem. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Mass., on May 29, 1917. Kennedy graduated from Harvard University in 1940 and joined the Navy the next year. After recovering from a war-aggravated spinal injury, Kennedy entered politics in 1946 and was elected to Congress. After a hard primary battle, Kennedy won the Democratic presidential nomination on the first ballot at the 1960 Los Angeles convention. With a majority of 118,574 votes, he won the election over Vice President Richard M. Nixon and became the first Roman Catholic president. Kennedy was inaugurated January 20, 1961. January 19, 1961 was President Eisenhower last full day in office. He met with President elect Kennedy to lay out pressing national issues he would have to face. Tensions between the United States and the USSR had mounted after World War II, resulting in the Cold War. JFK would have to deal with that problem. There was an intense discussion about Laos and Vietnam between Kennedy and Eisenhower. Another problem JFK had inherited was Diem from Eisenhower. Kennedy's cabinet members were made up of many different thinkers. Dean Rusk, the Secretary of State believed that there was a communist plot to take over the world and it must be stopped. Walt Rostow, the presidential advisor believes that we should use military force to cut off supplies to the Vietcong, have large scale bombings of North Vietnam and accelerate modernization in South Vietnam. General Maxwell Taylor criticized Eisenhower's conventional training efforts. McGeorge Bundy, the NSC advisor wanted to attack the Vietcong and North Vietnam if necessary. George Ball believed that Diem regime was corrupt and to create democracy in Vietnam was impossible. Kennedy first role as president was to focus on issue involving the dangerous crisis over Berlin, on Cuba, and on the future of Laos. JFK first sends advisors to Vietnam to recommend a course of action during May 1961. Lyndon B. Johnson, Vice-President, visits South Vietnam and recommends strong commitment. In June 1961, the State Department report had three

American High School Education System by Leon Botstein Essay Example

American High School Education System by Leon Botstein Essay Example American High School Education System by Leon Botstein Paper American High School Education System by Leon Botstein Paper Essay Topic: Education High School In the article â€Å"Let Teenagers Try Adulthood†, Leon Botstein argues that the American high school is outdated and should be totally rebuilt. The main problem high school system faced with, according to Botstein article, is an overall disintegration of the student culture, which has happened because of the prevalence of social cliques and exponentiations of sport teams over than student culture. Moreover, the early maturity of young people in the late twentieth century has lead to the isolation of hormonally active adolescents, thereby holding teenagers beyond the developmental level. Finally, the poor quality of teacher training is another problem schools should worry about. Giving his points of view about all these problems, Botstein suggest modifying secondary education by giving children a chance to start education at age of four or five and combining middle school and junior high school. School should let students graduate at sixteen instead of eighteen years old and let them indulge their energies in the field of knowledge they want to pursue. Trying to understand what has happened and what could be improved in the educational system, which was one of the best systems in the world, I can overall agree with Leon Botstein that â€Å"the American high school is obsolete and should be abolished† (â€Å"Let Teenagers Try Adulthood† Leon Botstein). However, looking over the problems, I can disagree with some of specific Botstein claims. The main problem is not an early maturity of young people, but lack of high schools financing which leads to poor quality of teachers training and overall disintegration of the students’ culture. Asking people of old generation which years were the most memorable and educational for them, most of them should mention years of high school. Years of transition from adolescence to adulthood, years of knowing oneself in the world, understanding their goals; this is the world of high school as it was many years ago, but not anymore. Nowadays, high school is not the place where students leave with good memories and mature to go forward. Moreover, graduating school young people feel total frustration about the adult world understanding that they are not ready for the transition, probably the most important transition in their life. Shortening high school education will not solve the problem; instead it could lead to lack of general knowledge among future generations. At the age sixteen most of the people don’t know their carrier path, and it will be stupid to give them a chance to choose major without appropriate level of education. Young maturity is not a reason to cut two years of high school, but it is a sing to improve high school education to the high level. As Botstein claims, one of the reasons of the high school system’s degradation is poor quality of recruitment and training for educators, which I completely agree with that statement. Teaching has always been one of the most respectful professions demanding high quality of training and dedication. It is a big responsibility to be a teacher because they could be an example for many students. Especially today- when parents don’t spend enough time helping their children in education- teachers should be higher qualified professionals with appropriate salaries and benefits; moreover, with the opportunity to grow professionally. Tuition, that instructors give to their students, shouldn’t be within the bound of subject, but cover all the aspects of life, so young people can put learning into practice. In order to be high qualified educator- with inspiration to educate students- teachers should have more motivation. However, most of the teachers have as low salaries and low possibility for carrier growing. The median teacher salary in the US is forty thousand dollars per year, which is not an appropriate rate for so meaningful job ( payscale. com). Thereby, graduating high schools students don’t have appropriate level of education to enter the university or even college. It means that years of education and self-development in high school are useless. Degeneration of the students’ culture- which isn’t based anymore on educational goals and success- is one of the main problems high school students are facing. They live in the world divided by the cliques. However, these are not the cliques we can think about, like groups of interest as they were before. High school cliques present savage and artificial world of insiders or outsiders, where insiders have all privileges because of their attractiveness, popularity and sport success, as Botstein mentioned in his article. Someone can think that only students are responsible for those false stereotypes they surrounded; though American movies about teenager’s life is a good example that the world of insiders and outsiders became a art of student culture all over the country. Therefore, many students, who consider themselves as a part of outsiders group, confined to a â€Å"jail† of high school environment. They don’t believe that something can change after graduating high school and life could be different beyond this artificial world. Thereby, many young people have lack of self-confidence, psychological problems which can lead to serious consequences and even violence among students, as it happened during Littleton shooting and other similar incidents. Forty five incidents of shooting with a total number of eighty seven deaths for the last fifteen years, comparing to the same numbers in Europe with five attacks and twenty six deaths for the same period of time. Looking to the number of shootings in American middle and high schools for the last fifteen years, we can see that it is a time for changes. (nces. ed. gov) One more fact Botstein assert, which leads to degradation of student culture and make student cliques more obvious, is overrated significance of team sport. High school administration, instead of improving quality of teaching, does everything to make their varsity team succeed. Spending vast amount of money for sport programs, giving too much power to team coaches, school administration makes students to believe that sport achievements are more important than educational success. In many schools sport has become an essential core activity. If children don’t go to school for education first, then what we get are uneducated athletes that expect a free pass throughout their lives, what doesn’t really work in real adult world. High school is a vital part of an educational system and a beginning point of adult life for students. Development of American and any other society depends on young people and their education. Therefore, high level of education should be one of the main priorities for the government. It is time to face up with numerous problems in American High school system, and especially with lack of high school financing, which lead to low training of school personnel and breakdown of the student culture.